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Yakov Grigorevich Sinai ((ロシア語:Я́ков Григо́рьевич Сина́й); born September 21, 1935) is a mathematician known for his work on dynamical systems. He contributed to the modern metric theory of dynamical systems and connected the world of deterministic (dynamical) systems with the world of probabilistic (stochastic) systems.〔 He has also worked on mathematical physics and probability theory.〔 His efforts have provided the groundwork for advances in the physical sciences. Sinai has won several awards, including the Nemmers Prize, the Wolf Prize in Mathematics and the Abel Prize. == Biography == Yakov Grigorevich Sinai was born into a Russian Jewish academic family on September 21, 1935, in Moscow, Soviet Union (now Russia).〔 His parents, Nadezda Kagan and Gregory Sinai, were both microbiologists. His grandfather, Veniamin Kagan, headed the Department of Differential Geometry at Moscow State University and was a major influence on Sinai's life.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Abel Prize )〕 Sinai received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Moscow State University.〔 In 1960, he earned his Ph.D., also from Moscow State; his adviser was Andrey Kolmogorov. Together with Kolmogorov, he showed that even for "unpredictable" dynamic systems, the level of unpredictability of motion can be described mathematically. In their idea, which became known as Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, a system with zero entropy is entirely predictable, while a system with non-zero entropy has an unpredictability factor directly related to the amount of entropy.〔 In 1963, Sinai introduced the idea of dynamical billiards, also known as "Sinai Billiards". In this idealized system, a particle bounces around inside a square boundary without loss of energy. Inside the square is a circular wall, of which the particle also bounces off. He then proved that for most initial trajectories of the ball, this system is ergodic, that is, after a long time, the amount of that time the ball will have spent in any given region on the surface of the table is approximately proportional to the area of that region. It was the first time anyone proved a dynamic system was ergodic.〔 From 1960 to 1971, Sinai was a researcher in the Laboratory of Probabilistic and Statistical Methods at Moscow State. In 1971, he was promoted to professor and named a senior researcher at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Russia. Since 1993, Sinai has been a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, while maintaining his position at the Landau Institute. For the 1997–98 academic year, he was the Thomas Jones Professor at Princeton. In 2005, the Moore Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology.〔 Sinai has supported the poet, mathematician and human rights activist Alexander Esenin-Volpin.〔 (Yakov Sinai: Year in review, 2014 ) by Erik Gregersen〕 In 2002, Sinai won the Nemmers Prize for his "revolutionizing" work on dynamical systems, statistical mechanics, probability theory, and statistical physics.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Northwestern University )〕 In 2005, the ''Moscow Mathematical Journal'' dedicated an issue to Sinai writing "Yakov Sinai is one of the greatest mathematicians of our time ... his exceptional scientific enthusiasm inspire() several generations of scientists all over the world."〔 In 2013, Sinai received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement.〔 In 2014, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters awarded him the Abel Prize, for his contributions to dynamical systems, ergodic theory, and mathematical physics.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Abel Prize Laureate 2014 )〕 Presenting the award, Jordan Ellenberg said Sinai had solved real world physical problems "with the soul of a mathematician".〔 He praised the tools developed by Sinai which demonstrate how systems that look different may in fact have fundamental similarities. The prize comes with 6 million Norwegian krone,〔 equivalent at the time to $US 1 million or £600,000. Other awards won by Sinai include the Boltzmann Medal (1986), the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (1990), the Dirac Prize (1992), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1997), the Lagrange Prize (2008) and the Henri Poincaré Prize (2009).〔〔 He is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.〔 He is an honorary member of the London Mathematical Society and, in 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society )〕 Sinai has been selected an honorary member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London. He holds honorary degrees from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Warwick University, and Warsaw University.〔 Sinai has authored more than 250 papers and books. Concepts in mathematics named after him include Sinai's random walk, Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measures, and Pirogov–Sinai theory. Sinai has overseen more than 50 Ph.D. candidates.〔 He has spoken at the International Congress of Mathematicians four times.〔 In 2000, he was a plenary speaker at the First Latin American Congress in Mathematics.〔 Sinai is married to mathematician and physicist Elena B. Vul. The couple have written several joint papers.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yakov Sinai」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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